Show how Blake creates opposing attitudes and ideas in his songs of Ess

Show how Blake creates opposing attitudes and ideas in his songs of Innocence and Experience. Show how Blake creates opposing attitudes and ideas in his songs of Innocence and Experience.David Jessup 11A1 Blake creates opposing attitudes and ideas by using contrasting, emotive language and also by using characters with opposing opinions and attitudes. In "The Chimney Sweeper" Blake uses characters with different situations and lifestyles to show how distraught the chimney sweeps can be when they are sent away from their families to work at a very young age. In "The chimney Sweeper from "Songs of Innocence" the young boy is described as an "angel" and also as a "lamb", both often used as symbols of innocence and purity. Blake uses symbols of innocence as an alternative way of describing the children as innocent. He used various similes and metaphors in the Innocence poems to make the poems more light hearted and to also convey a sarcastic tone because of the obviously false descriptions. "All of them in coffins of blackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦an angelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦opened the coffins and set them all free", the coffins of black suggest that by fulfilling their tasks as chimney sweeps the children are going to their eventual death from suffocating or some other form of detath in the dark, smoky chimneys. With language like this Blake managed to portray his beliefs without going against the Church or the State directly. This meant that although he was criticised he could look at both sides of the lives of children without being accused of being single minded or patronising. In "The Chimney Sweeper" from Innocence the narrator is the chimney sweep himself; this is an effective method because Blake can then use the child's... ...he year that orphan children are paraded through the streets in bright colours as soldiers. Blake uses this viewpoint so that a neutral opinion can be gained of both a sinister viewpoint of the parade and a gratuitous viewpoint. "With wands as white as snow," show the beadles as pure and leading the children in a good cause but in Experience the beadles are shown in a different manner. "Fed with a cold and usurous hand?" showing the beadles cruelty and content to be selfish and treat the children as objects not human beings. The poem I like best of all six is "The chimney Sweeper from Experience because it takes the misuse of chilren in a bad situation and describes it in an even darker manner. "They clothed me in the clothes of death", the childs knowledge is invaluable that he knows of his inevitable detah even though he is only a young child.

Introduction and History of Psychology

1. Ask your parent, grandparent, sibling, or a friend that has not taken this course what they think an industrial and organizational psychologist is? Were they close? During lunch with a friend, we began discussing how school was going for each of us and I thought of this week's assignment. I asked my friend what she thought I/O psychology was. While she knew it had something to due with behaviors and work, she was unable to really specify what I/O psychology actually is.   She was quite surprised when I explained it to her. When asked the question, she was partially right. The word â€Å"psychology† gave her the impression that it was psychology, or behavior related; and the word â€Å"organization† led her to believe it was work-related. I think what likely stumped her was the word â€Å"industrial†; it is not a word most people would associate with psychology. 2. Why do you think so few people know about this field? As mentioned previously, most people wouldn't associate â€Å"industrial† with psychology. â€Å"Organizational† is a word that most people are familiar with and naturally assume that it refers to a job or the workplace. I think most people would likely associate many of the functions of an I/O psychologist with those of those of the human resource department (HRD). Many people working in medium-to-large organizations are familiar with the evaluations, assessments and programs conducted in the HRD. It is possible that many people would not consider the functions listed on the SIOP website as areas of I/O psychologist functions, as these functions are associated with the HRD. Examples of these functions include; legal, workplace health, compensation and benefits, employee behavior, employee issues, WorkLife programs and performance evaluations and assessments (SIOP Brochure, sect. 5, 2006). 3. Do you think it would help if we changed the name of the field to something else, like â€Å"Work Psychology†? If the name of the field were to change, what other names would be more descriptive of what we do? It might be helpful to change I/O psychology to a more familiar term in order to increase familiarity with the work and services of I/O psychologists. If the name of the field was to change, I think it should encompass the services of helping employees achieve satisfaction in their place of employment. The various job titles of I?O psychologists listed on the SIOP website is an example of why people may not know of I/O psychology and related services; there are so many different titles. SIOP, for example, lists the following human resource related job functions: â€Å"Corporate Vice President, Director, Manager, Staff Member of Organizational Development, Management Development, Human Resources Research, Employee Relations, Training and Development, and Leadership Development† (sect. 7).  Names that come to mind that may be suitable for replacing the term I/O psychology are:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employee Relations Psychology  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Workforce and Organization Psychology  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employer and Employee Developmental Psychology 4. Let me know why you are taking this course and what you hope to learn from this class. I am taking this course to continue learning about the various fields of psychology in order to eventually discover which field I am most interested in pursuing. I hope to learn the inner workings of an organization through the functions of an I/O psychologist and how an I/O psychologist can help employees improve their work experience and increase their chances for success.

The Great Gatsby- Jay Gatsby V Essay - 612 Words

Jay Gatsby, the title character of The Great Gatsby, is really not all that the title might suggest. First of all, his real name is James Gatz. He changed it in an effort to leave behind his old life as a poor boy and create an entirely new identity. He is also a liar and a criminal, having accumulated his wealth and position by dishonest means. But he is still called ‘great,’ and in a sense he is. Gatsby is made great by his unfaltering hope, and his determination to live in a perfect world with Daisy and their perfect love. Gatsby has many visible flaws—his obvious lies, his mysterious way of avoiding straight answers. But they are shadowed over by his gentle smile and his visible hunger for an ideal future. The coarse and playful Jay†¦show more content†¦Gatsby is a dreamer, he lives for and in his dreams. But his amazing ability to focus on and achieve his dreams makes him great. Nick Carraway describes himself in the first chapter as reserved in judgement and tolerant of other people, even when subjected to their unwanted and boring secret confessions. He is indeed more tolerant than most, and holds judgement even when faced with huge and unmistakable character flaws. For instance, he makes no solid judgement on Tom Buchanan when he sees him openly displaying his extramarital affair with Myrtle and holding no shame or guilt about cheating on Daisy. His unwillingness to criticize leads to his having double feelings about several characters, because he see their faults but wants to keep an open mind. He is especially reserved in holding judgement against Gatsby, which causes him to go so far as to create a sort of blind spot towards him. He criticizes Gatsby’s obsession with wealth and luxury, and is very aware of his criminal behavior, yet he sees more in Gatsby the man who would do anything for his love and worked towards his dreams all his life. Nick is still, however, an honest and good man. He is not extravagantly rich, but unlike Gatsby he earned all of his high social connections fairly. He is rather disgusted with the East and it’s empty values by the end of the book. But he is still intrigued by it all, as he demonstrates through his relationship with Jordan Baker. He holds an almost subconsciousShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Great Gatsby Research Report1248 Words   |  5 Pagesembraced his newly minted celebrity status and embarked on an extravagant lifestyle that earned him a reputation as a playboy and hindered his reputation as a serious literary writer†(F. Scott Fitzgerald Biography 2). The parties thrown by Jay in The Great Gatsby reflect Fitzgerald’s extravagant lifestyle. Excessive amounts of drinking, large crowds, parties lasting long into the night all took place at one point during Fitzgerald’s life. â€Å"F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife, Zelda, were guilty of manyRead MoreAf fairs, Nick, and Gatsby in Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby1255 Words   |  6 PagesNick is the narrative reader in The Great Gatsby. Gatz was a poor person that changes his name to Gatsby. Tom was a cheater and was unfaithful to Daisy. Daisy was a flirt and rich. Myrtle is a poor women that lived over her and her husband’s garage shop. Myrtle would let Tom push her around because he was a rich man that would let Myrtle forget that she was poor. â€Å"She never loved you, do you hear he cried. She only married you because I was poor and she was tired of waiting for me (FitzgeraldRead MoreHow the Charcters in the Great Gatsby Viewed Jay Gatsby1643 Words   |  7 Pagesthinks of Gatsby as a â€Å"home wrecker† and a criminal. He cannot see any of Gatby’s virtues, but rather focuses on and exaggerates his questionable behavior (pursuing Daisy and bootlegging). Nick, on the other hand, sees both Gatsby’s virtues and faults and presents them to the reader from a neutral point of view. â€Å"Who is Gatsby anyhow?† demanded Tom suddenly.†Some big bootlegger?† (PG 104) †¢ This quote reveals Tom’s suspicions of Gatsby’s wealth. Even though Tom doesn’t know that Gatsby is involvedRead MoreGreat Gatsby: Movie vs Book1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Gatsby I: All throughout grade school and even high school, my teachers, parents, and even friends told me not to take the easy way out when it comes to books. Always read the book before the movie. I usually took the easy way out, watched the movie, and then skim the book. After doing this project I see what everyone was talking about. The book is much better than the movie, it gives you more of a sense of what is going on, a greater sense of when the story takes place, and it gives theRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1255 Words   |  6 Pages Arik V. Russell English III Mr. Christensen Block 2 Great Gatsby Experience The book The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald has been read in schools for decades. The experience is different for everyone. Some may love this book while others just purely hate it. I have to say I am in between loving and hating this book. I do like the look into the lives of the rich of the 1920s and I did enjoy the overall story. However the cheating I wasn’t fond of. I do understand that isRead MoreEssay about F. Scott Fitzgerald1049 Words   |  5 Pagesdeveloped a mental disorder and had her first mental breakdown in 1930. Fitzgerald wrote short stories to pay for his wife’s treatments. However, he is best known for his works This Side of Paradise, from which he gained his wealth, and The Great Gatsby, arguably Fitzgerald’s most popular work (Coale 190). This Side of Paradise was his first autobiographical novel. The book is based on Fitzgerald’s childhood and portrays him as a young boy who is ready for his exciting life to begin (Shain)R ead MoreThe Method of Narration in ‘The Great Gatsby’ by F Scott Fitzgerald1331 Words   |  6 PagesMethod of narration is the writer’s crucial tool in conveying his story and with it his characters and message. In ‘The Great Gatsby’, F Scott Fitzgerald deploys this tool effectively to tell the tale of Jay Gatsby, a self-made man on a quest to find and win back the love of his life, Daisy Buchanan, through the eyes of Nick Carraway. As well as reflecting on the dreams and tragedy of that summer in Long Island, Nick’s narration gives us essential insight into the characters and key issues that FitzgeraldRead MoreA Novel Outline of The Great Gatsby I. Bibliographic Information Fitzgerald, F. Scott, and Matthew1500 Words   |  6 PagesA Novel Outline of The Great Gatsby I. Bibliographic Information Fitzgerald, F. Scott, and Matthew J. Bruccoli. The Great Gatsby. New York, NY: Scribner, 1996. Print. II. Character List Nick Carraway †¢ Narrator of the novel †¢ Moved to New York to learn the bond business †¢ Facilitates the romance between his cousin Daisy and his friend Gatsby †¢ Honest, Inclined to reserve judgment, unbiased Jay Gatsby †¢ Protagonist of the novel †¢ Changed his name from James Gatz when he devoted his life to becomingRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesnovel, The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, many of the characters live in an illusory world and only some can see past this. In the novel, West Egg and its residents represent the newly rich, while East Egg represents the old aristocracy. Gatsby seeking the past, Daisy is obsessed with material things, Myrtle wanting Tom to escape her poverty, George believing that T.J. Eckleburg is God, and Tom believing he is untouchable because of his power and wealth are all examples of the illusion v. realityRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1262 Words   |  6 PagesChris Molina Ms. Hunt English 3 5th period 17 March 2015 Outline I. Hook: Everyone wants happiness and success. Thesis Statement: In The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author uses Jay Gatsby to demonstrate the themes of friendship and the American dream. II. Historical Context Topic Sentence #1: The novel was written in the Roaring twenties, when the economy was at its peak. A. Supporting Detail: â€Å"They were careless people, Tom and Daisy- they smashed up things and creatures and then

The Issue Of The Death Penalty - 1795 Words

When people hear the word death, it evokes many emotions; fear, sadness, uncertainty, the terror of the unknown. But, that hasn’t stopped anyone from enforcing the death penalty. Electrocution, Lethal Injection, Hangings, the Gas Chamber and the Firing squad are only a few types of execution methods practiced by the government over a prolonged time period. Some may think these sound like types of torture methods. Not humane ways to end a person s existence for unspeakable criminal acts. ( add more ) . In having the death penalty, does it really deter crime? Are criminals in the right state of mind when committing such heinous acts? Do they consider the consequences in a logical way, having their twisted, warped perspectives of reality? All these questions a more will be answered through this informative and perspectivally essay addressing the issue of the Death Penalty, explaining why it should be abolished and wiped off the face of this earth, never to be conceived of again. I believe that it should be exterminated for many reasons, mainly because it violates human rights, it does not deter crime, and it’s running the risk of executing innocent people. This essay entails many topics and subtopics throughout it’s exquisite informative structure. To kick things off, the first topic or point I’ll be addressing is History. Before anyone can even fathom the idea of the death penalty, they must first understand the full severity of the idea or concept. To explain further,Show MoreRelatedThe Issue With The Death Penalty1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe Issues with the Death Penalty The death penalty is a very controversial subject for everyone, especially in the US. Some people think that it should be abolished and others think that it should stay a part of the government’s form of punishment. People think that the death penalty is a good way to deter crime because it should scare the person who is committing the crime. Some also feel that keeping the death penalty will cut down on government costs. The opposing side believes that the crimesRead MoreDeath Penalty: A Controversial Issue727 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿The death penalty has been an issue of controversy, causing many states in America to repeal it and call it inhumane. However, the truth is that many citizens are strongly divided on the issue and have strong opinions on whether the death penalty should indeed be kept and reinforced or whether it should just be abolished altogether. When analyzing this issue from a sociological perspective, conflict theory is best used as an argument against the death penalty. This sociological conflict theory isRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Complex Issue924 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is a complex issue with many different opinions and viewpoints. Deciding whether a person should be punished by death is not a trivial ordeal nor should it be treated as such. How do you know when a crime is punishable by death or not? â€Å"A popular bumper sticker says, ‘We kill people to show people that killing people is wrong’† (Carmical). This slogan misses the idea that the death penalty does not chastise people for killing, but for murder. Murder is the purposeful action ofRead MoreEthical Issues On Death Penalty1864 Words   |  8 PagesPaper: Ethical Issues On Death Penalty It is surprising to me how many people are actually pro capital punishment. For those who aren t too sure what capital punishment really is, it is the execution of a criminal who is legally convicted of a capital crime (i.e. murder). Even though the death penalty is the best way to punish criminals of their heinous crimes, I believe it is unethical because it is inhumane and hypocritical, it s way too costly, also, most criminals put on death row have psychologicalRead MoreDeath Penalty : A Controversial Issue2199 Words   |  9 Pages2014 Death Penalty When it comes to the topic of the death penalty, most of us will readily agree that it’s a controversial issue. On the one hand, many argue that the death penalty is cost effective. On the other hand, others say that capital punishment deters crime. In my own view, I don’t believe that the death penalty is cost effective or deters crime; capital punishment should not be given as a punishment for criminals who have committed first degree murder In my judgment the death penaltyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Controversial Issue2057 Words   |  9 Pages It’s no secret that the death penalty is a very controversial issue in the United States. The death penalty has been around for centuries, but so has the movement to abolish it. Does the death penalty really need to be abolished? or are people just too sensitive to the issue? Origin The death penalty dates as far back as the eighteenth century B.C. The Code of King Hammurabi of Babylon established the death penalty for 25 different crimes. The death penalty was also a part of HittiteRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is A Controversial Issue1171 Words   |  5 PagesThe death penalty is a very controversial topic worldwide. People are either for the death penalty, or against it, and there is usually no changing their mind by introducing arguments that are contrary to their opinion. The death penalty debate is not a new one, â€Å"capital punishment [has been] practiced since colonial times despite persistent debates† (Jost). However, it was around the 1960s when countries began to abolish, or strictly restrain the death penalty (Jost). The death penalty has existedRead MoreEthical Issues Either for or Against the Death Penalty1403 Words   |  6 Pagesthere has been much controversy on the having juveniles charged with the death penalty for their actions.R ecent research into the costs of the death penalty in Florida revealed the state is spending as much as $1 million per inmate just for incarceration and appellate costs.Which in much cases is not at the economic reach of most states.Trial costs would add substantially to the states total. Florida has over 400 inmates on death row. By taking these inmates through this process it is much less expensiveRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is One Of The Most Controversial Issue1737 Words   |  7 PagesThe death penalty is one of the most controversial issues. It is an important issue because each side is very significant and they each have strong views. The five main points that will be discussed in this paper are; deterrence, loss of innocent lives, bias, retribution, and quality of the attorney. Both sides will be discussed; reasons to support the death penalty, and reasons not to support the death penalty. For the first point; deterrence, supporters of the penalty say that the death penalty Read MoreControversial Issues Regarding Juvenile Death Penalty2052 Words   |  9 PagesOne of the most controversial issues in the rights of juveniles today is addressed in the question, Should the death penalty be applied to juveniles? For nearly a century the juvenile courts have existed to shield the majority of juvenile offenders from the full weight of criminal law and to protect their entitled special rights and immunities. In the case of kent vs. United states in 1996, Justice Fortas stated some of these special rights which include; Protection from publicity, confinement only

Evaluating Financial Performance Of Banks - 796 Words

Evaluating Financial Performance of Banks When evaluating the financial performance of various banks one must turn to the financial statements that they supply each year to the public as required by the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), if it is a publicly traded bank. The annual 10K report that is filed with the SEC along with the corporate websites of the financial institutions that are being looked at are good places to obtain the data necessary to evaluate growth for specific bank and to be able to compare it to other banks. Review the normal ratios that would be looked at for growth, such as return on revenue, operating margin, net income and earnings per share almost when looking to see what type of growth has taken place at a given institution. The three institutions that will be looked at for the scope of this analysis are SunTrust Bank, PNC Bank, and Regions Bank. Each of these institutions are publicly traded and have 10K filings with the SEC. Analysts should never look at ratios alone and the more data one has the better picture one can assimilate to better reflect the true picture of the financial performance of the institution. Caution must be used here as well not to rely heavily on averages since outliers on data can skew averages, may not give an accurate depiction of the actual growth-taking place at a particular bank, and can even be misleading by itself. ToShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of Financial Position And Performance Of Uk Banking Sector1163 Words   |  5 PagesTopic: Evaluation of Financial Position and Performance of UK Banking Sector with Respect to Liquidity and Profitability Research Background: Several research studies have done not only about the importance of performance evaluation (financial and non financial) of banks but also for the impact of analysis to the economy and various stakeholder groups. Generally the financial performance of banks and other financial institutions has been measured using a combination of financial ratio analysis, measuringRead MoreRatio Analysis Evaluating Past Performances and Predicting Future1498 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"In spite of its limitations ratio analysis is widely used as a means of evaluating the past performance and predicting the future successes or failures of business organisations.† Ratio analysis isn t just picking different numbers from the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement and comparing them. Ratios compare facts against previous years, the industry, other companies, or even the economy in general. Ratios look at the relationships between values and relate them to findRead MoreRelationship Between Financial Development And Economic Growth922 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The relationship between financial development and economic growth has elicited plenty of debate over the last few years. There are numerous researchers who have undertaken substantive empirical studies on this subject and many of them have concluded that there exists a positive relationship between financial development and economic growth. For instance, King and Levine (1993) conclude that financial development is a good predictor of future growth; while, Beck et al, (2000) suggestsRead MoreCitibank Performance Evaluation1510 Words   |  7 Pages Signature:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Background The case discuses about the evaluation of performance of James McGaran, Branch Manager of Citibank in Los Angeles by his Area Manager, Lisa Johnson, and the discrepancies that crept in during the evaluation process. In the case, it can be seen how Lisa Johnson had failed to reflect some of the performances properly leading to a stalemate position in the performance evaluation of an efficient manager like James McGaran. James McGaran was a branch managerRead MoreFinancial Status Essay789 Words   |  4 PagesIdentifies financial status by comparing and analyzing actual results with plans and forecasts. Guides cost analysis process by establishing and enforcing policies and procedures; providing trends and forecasts; explaining processes and techniques; recommending actions. Improves financial status by analyzing results; monitoring variances; identifying trends; recommending actions to management. Reconciles Common Letter of Recommendation page 8 transactions by comparing and correcting data. AnalyzingRead MoreCHAPTER – 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The studies done on the empirical examination of the financial1200 Words   |  5 Pagesexamination of the financial companies’ operations on interest-free rules aren’t very high in number. Those which have been done have more descriptions, plus their primary center of attention is the financial ratios. Moin (2008), Samad (2004), Samad and Hassan (1999) and Iqbal (2001) have played immense role in spotting the empirical findings on the subject of comparative investigations and relative performance of conventional and Islamic banks. Meezan bank, the very foremost Islamic bank of PakistanRead MoreFinancial Performance Of Various Banks790 Words   |  4 PagesWhen evaluating the financial performance of various banks one must turn to the financial statements that they supply each year to the public as required by the Comptroller of the Currency, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), if it is a publicly traded bank. The annual 10K report that is filed with the SEC along with the corporate websites of the financial institutions that are being looked at are good places to obtain the data necessaryRead MoreEffects Of Internal Audit Practices On Financial Performance Of Commercial Banks1689 Words   |  7 Pages EFFECTS OF INTERNAL AUDIT PRACTICES ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA (A CASE STUDY OF KENYA COMMERCIAL BANK) GIDALI MUHINDI FRANKLINE A Research Proposal in Partial Fulfillment for the Bachelor of Business Administration of the Technical University of Mombasa 2016 DECLARATION I declare that this research proposal is my original work and has not been presented for a degree award in any other university. Signature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreAdverse Audit Opinion1282 Words   |  6 Pages Report on the Financial Statements We have audited the financial statements of ABC SDN. BHD., which comprise the balance sheets as at 30 September 2010 of the Group and of the Company, and the income statements, statements of changes in equity and cash flow statements of the Group and of the Company for the year then ended, and a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes, as set out on pages X to XX. Directors’ Responsibility for the Financial Statements TheRead MoreIntroduction Of Indian Banking System Essay1206 Words   |  5 PagesSTUDY 11 EXPECTED OUTCOME 12 BIBLOGRAPHY 13 ABSTRACT Banks are the most valuable part on any economy. The banks, the interest rates, the borrowings are some of the points to be considered when evaluating any country’s development. Apart from raising resources through fresh deposits, borrowings, etc. payment of funds received back from borrowers constitutes a major part of funding credit dispensation activities. But if the banks are not able to get the lent amount back it can affect the effectiveness

Bacterial Concentration and Diversity Free Essays

The objective of this particular paper was to study the results that were extracted when bacterial communities were formed. These bacterial communities were formed through the process of the reproducibility of small volume of repeat sampling from replicate bioreactors with stabilized continuous-flow chicken cecal bacterial communities. The results referring to the bacterial concentration and diversity were then analyzed by phenotypic, biochemical and ribotype analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Bacterial Concentration and Diversity or any similar topic only for you Order Now To grow bacteria a stable environment is the most essential requirement this stable and a constant environment is known as steady-state conditions. This allows bacterial cultures to be obtained in a reproducible manner for batch consistency. The cultural efficacy was determined by taking an assumption that the aliquot taken from the cultures were identical and therefore did not overall affect the results to be determined by the particular experiment (bacterial culture). Mixed samples of avian cecal material were used to establish replicate bioreactor cultures. Repetitive samplings of the planktonic components were done to determine if all aliquots had the like bacterial contents within the same bioreactor. Consistency was seen during this repetitive sampling process but changes were seen in the specific composition of the resulting communities that initiated from one supply of cecal assortment. These are the basis on which the whole experiment and the methodology are based on. METHODOLOGY: †¢ Bioreactor and Sampling Design: The cecal contents were extracted from 150 birds (chicken) and then thoroughly mixed under sterile anaerobic conditions. Three replicate bioreactors (Bioflo ® 110 Fermentor/Bioreactor, New Brunswick Scientific Co, Inc. , Edison, NJ) were used. The steady-state conditions were maintained by keeping the cultures under continuous-flow conditions at a flow rate of 0. 8 ml/min and also flushed with carbon dioxide that was free of any oxygen. For the first 48 hours the pH of the bioreactor was maintained to a stable 6. 2  ± 0. 3. Then for 3 weeks the cultures were allowed to reach equilibrium the planktonic component was sampled 11 times during this 3 weeks period. After this period 1ml aliquots were collected for analysis. i. e. pH measurement , bacterial isolation etc. †¢ Bacterial Isolation and Preliminary Identification: The material obtained from the bioreactor was sampled and some of the bacterial cultures obtained were quantified by growth of a 10? l aliquot on selective media in triplicate. The triplicate had a 5% sheep blood and was used to determine hemolytic reactions and for the recovery and the enumeration of the aerobic microbial species. The identification and the isolation of the aerobic bacteria was done by streaking the 10  µl aliquots onto TS-blood agar , Brilliant Green Agar, BGA; Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD), CHROMagar E. coli and Orientation, MacConkey, mEnterococcus, and Rogosa plates. These plates were then incubated for 24 hours at thirty seven degrees. Likewise anaerobic bacteria were isolated too but the streaking was done onto Brucella-blood agar, Phenylethyl alcohol agar (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD), Veillonella, and BBE plates. The plates were then incubated anaerobically for 48-72hours at the same temperature. These bacteria were also tested for aero tolerance. †¢ Enumeration: The total aerobic and anaerobic population levels were enumerated by serial dilation onto TS-blood agar, MacConkey, mEnterococcus agars or Brucella-blood agar plates, respectively. †¢ Ribotype Characterization: Isolates from the bacterial lawns were collected and analyzed by using RiboPrinter ® Microbial Characterization System following the manufacturer’s instruction using lytic enzymes. Endonuclease EcoRI was used to cleave the DNA and gel electrophoresis was used to separate the fragments and analysis was done using a modern hybridization blotting technique. The DNA hybridized was labeled rRNA operon prob derived from Escherichia coli, and the bands were detected by chemiluminescence. The image formed was captured and transferred to the RMCS database and data were normalized to a standard marker set. The images were compared with the 6448 EcoRI riboprint patterns in the DuPont database and a 900 EcoRI riboprint pattern custom in-house database (USDA, ARS, College Station, TX). †¢ Data Analysis: For each set of combined cecal material the above mentioned 3 replicate bioreactor were established. These were then analyzed for enumeration and characterization (eleven per bioreactor). The statistics were represented in tabular form. Commercially available software was used to analyze and calculate data. Differences in cfu/ml were compared among the replicate bioreactors. MAIN RESULT: The collecting of bacteria cultures or any other organism is greatly affected by the sample size and the frequency of organisms being sampled in a particular environment. Some of the processes or the methods described above also have limitations due to different constraints that govern their working e. g. enumeration. Enumeration of bacteria is affected by many factors including individual species growth rates, fitness of each competing species etc. therefore the bacteria produced or grown in a selective media maybe less productive when exposed to competition from many other species in a non-selective media culture. The probability of collection is greatly affected by the spatial distribution of organisms. As a rule the sampling requirement must increase as the degree of unit aggregation increases. Enumeration is also affected by aggregation and may account for some of the variation reported in the bacterial quantification. Therefore considerations should be given to the sampling size when using aliquots for inoculation from cultures with known aggregating species. An important thing to mention here that whatever the sampling technique is used there are also certain limitations associated with sampling. It is not only quite difficult to harvest all species comprehensively but our present technological inability also creates a hindrance because we are unable to artificially culture all bacterial species. It was also seen that the efficiency of detection of pathogenic bacteria is affected by dilution i. e. a lower efficiency of detection was achieved where the prevalence of the target bacteria was diluted. A threshold quantity of specific bacteria maybe required for the proper mix. Adjustments in population density, adhesion and diversity which occur during culturing period greatly affects this observation. CONCLUSION: The aim of this study or experiment was to determine reproducibility of small volume repeat sampling with the help of a bioreactor. Basically bacterial concentration and diversity were the two important factors that were being concentrated these two quantities were analyzed within stabalised continuous-flow chicken cecal bacterial communities initiated by replicate aliquots taken from thoroughly mixed samples. Pooled cecal material was created from layer chicks to establish the bioreactors. After a steady-state was reached the plankton components were sampled repetitively for three weeks and was then characterized by phenotypic, biochemical and ribotype analysis. No notable differences were found in the bacterial concentrations that came from the same bioreactor. Differences were found in bioreactors initiated from the same stock material. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Tawni L Crippen, Cynthia L Sheffield, Kathleen Andrews, Roy Bongaerts, and David J Nisbet, (2008), Bacterial Concentration and Diversity within Repetitive Aliquots Collected from Replicate Continuous-Flow Bioreactor Culture, Open Microbiol J. 2008; 2: 60–65, published online 2008 May 23. http://www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov/articlerender. fcgi? artid=2593035tool=pmcentrez How to cite Bacterial Concentration and Diversity, Papers

Who is May Welland free essay sample

The following paper critically analyzes and follows the development of the character of May Welland in The Age of Innocence by Edith Wharton. This paper contends that our impressions of May Welland are filtered through Newlands consciousness. The writer suggests that it is difficult to examine her character without taking into account Archers view of her. However, as Archer himself eventually realizes, his sense of May is incomplete. This essay follows the development of the novel and shows how there is more to May than initially meets the eye. From the paper: From the beginning, May is portrayed as the picture of innocence: she wears white, has a rosy glow, and is constantly carrying the Biblical lilies-of-the-valley. The descriptions Archer uses for her emphasize youth, athleticism, purity. He compares her, in her dress of white and silver, with a wreath of silver blossoms in her hair, to a Diana just alight from the chase (58-59). We will write a custom essay sample on Who is May Welland? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In another instance, in weather to call out Mays radiance, he sees her burning like a young maple in the frost (71).